Privacy beyond the binary: Empowering users in the age of AI

 

As a zoologist with a keen interest in various fields, including technology, I believe it's crucial for individuals from all backgrounds to be aware of and understand the implications of artificial intelligence (AI) on privacy. While I may not be a professional in the tech industry, I recognize the importance of staying informed about emerging technologies like AI and their impact on our lives. In this digital age, where AI is becoming increasingly prevalent, it is essential for everyone, regardless of their field of expertise, to understand the importance of privacy and the challenges posed by AI-driven systems. With each technological advancement, the boundaries of personal data protection become more intricate, prompting a profound reevaluation of privacy norms and safeguards. In the ever-evolving realm of technology, the convergence of artificial intelligence (AI) and privacy stands as a paramount concern. With each stride forward in innovation, the boundaries of personal data protection become increasingly intricate, prompting a profound reevaluation of privacy norms and safeguards.

In this digital epoch, the ubiquitous presence of AI-driven systems permeates nearly every facet of our lives, from personalized recommendations on streaming platforms to predictive algorithms shaping our online interactions. While these advancements offer unprecedented convenience and efficiency, they also raise fundamental questions about the ethical use of data and the preservation of individual privacy rights.

As we navigate this intricate landscape, it becomes imperative to transcend traditional binary notions of privacy and embark on a journey towards a more nuanced understanding—one that not only acknowledges the complexities of the digital age but also empowers users to reclaim control over their personal information.

As we delve deeper into the realm of AI-driven technologies, it becomes evident that the traditional binary approach to privacy—wherein information is simply categorized as either public or private—no longer suffices. In the digital age, privacy exists on a spectrum, influenced by an array of factors including data sensitivity, context, and individual preferences.The rise of AI introduces a new layer of complexity to this paradigm, as algorithms analyze vast amounts of data to generate insights, make predictions, and automate decision-making processes. While these capabilities hold immense promise for innovation and progress, they also raise significant concerns regarding data privacy and security. In recent years, high-profile data breaches and controversies surrounding data misuse have underscored the urgent need for robust privacy protections. From unauthorized access to personal information to the exploitation of user data for targeted advertising, the risks posed by AI-driven systems are manifold and multifaceted.

In response to these challenges, there has been a growing call for greater transparency, accountability, and user empowerment in the realm of AI and data privacy. Empowering users to take control of their personal data and make informed decisions about its use and dissemination is crucial in safeguarding privacy rights.One approach to achieving this empowerment is through the implementation of privacy-enhancing technologies (PETs) and tools that enable users to manage and protect their data more effectively. From encryption and anonymization techniques to decentralized data storage solutions, PETs offer users greater control over their digital footprint and mitigate the risks associated with data exposure. Furthermore, initiatives aimed at promoting digital literacy and educating users about their rights and responsibilities in the digital realm play a vital role in fostering a culture of privacy awareness. By empowering individuals with the knowledge and skills to navigate complex privacy settings and understand the implications of data sharing, we can empower them to make informed choices and advocate for their privacy rights.

Moreover, regulatory frameworks and policy measures play a crucial role in shaping the landscape of data privacy and AI governance. Governments and regulatory bodies around the world are increasingly recognizing the importance of protecting individual privacy rights in the digital age and have enacted legislation such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in Europe and the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) in the United States.

In addition to global efforts such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in Europe and the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) in the United States, the Indian government has also taken significant steps to protect user privacy in the AI era. The Indian government introduced the Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019, which aims to provide for the protection of personal data of individuals and establish a Data Protection Authority for the same. Furthermore, the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) has released guidelines for responsible AI, which include provisions for data privacy and protection. Alongside these regulatory measures, privacy-enhancing technologies (PETs) play a crucial role in empowering users to manage and protect their data effectively. PETs, including encryption, anonymization techniques, and decentralized data storage solutions, offer users greater control over their digital footprint and mitigate the risks associated with data exposure. These initiatives, combined with global regulations and PETs, underscore the importance of privacy and security in the AI era, ensuring that user data is protected in the digital age.". These regulations aim to establish clear guidelines for the collection, processing, and storage of personal data, as well as empower users with greater control over their information. However, the effectiveness of such measures relies not only on their enforcement but also on their adaptability to the evolving technological landscape.As AI continues to evolve and permeate new domains, it is imperative that regulatory frameworks remain agile and responsive to emerging challenges and ethical considerations. Collaborative efforts between policymakers, industry stakeholders, and civil society are essential in shaping a regulatory environment that fosters innovation while safeguarding individual privacy rights.

In addition to regulatory measures, fostering a culture of ethical AI development and responsible data practices is paramount in ensuring the protection of privacy rights. Organizations must prioritize ethical considerations throughout the entire lifecycle of AI systems, from design and development to deployment and operation.This entails conducting thorough risk assessments to identify potential privacy vulnerabilities and implementing robust safeguards to mitigate these risks. Transparency and accountability should be core principles guiding the development and deployment of AI systems, with mechanisms in place to ensure that users are informed about how their data is being used and have recourse in the event of misuse or abuse.Furthermore, interdisciplinary collaboration between technologists, ethicists, policymakers, and civil society stakeholders is essential in navigating the complex ethical dilemmas posed by AI and data privacy. By fostering dialogue and collaboration across diverse perspectives, we can develop ethical frameworks and best practices that uphold privacy rights while fostering innovation and progress.

As we strive to empower users in the age of AI, it is essential to recognize that privacy is not a one-size-fits-all concept. Different individuals have unique privacy preferences and risk tolerances, and empowering users means respecting and accommodating this diversity.Customizable privacy settings and granular controls allow users to tailor their privacy preferences to align with their individual needs and values. Providing clear and accessible options for opting in or out of data collection, as well as mechanisms for accessing, correcting, or deleting personal information, empowers users to assert greater control over their digital identities.Moreover, fostering a culture of transparency and accountability within organizations is essential in building trust and confidence among users. Open communication about data practices, including the purposes for which data is collected, how it is used, and with whom it is shared, promotes transparency and enables users to make informed decisions about their privacy.

Looking ahead, the future of privacy in the age of AI hinges on our ability to strike a delicate balance between innovation and protection. While AI holds tremendous potential to drive progress and transform industries, it also presents unprecedented challenges to privacy and data security.As we navigate this complex landscape, it is imperative that we remain vigilant in safeguarding privacy rights and advocating for ethical AI development practices. By prioritizing transparency, accountability, and user empowerment, we can create a digital ecosystem that fosters trust, respect, and dignity for all individuals.Ultimately, the quest for privacy beyond the binary is not merely a technological challenge but a societal endeavor—one that requires collective action and commitment from all stakeholders. Together, we can forge a path towards a future where privacy is not only protected but also respected as a fundamental human right in the age of AI.

In the age of AI, the intersection of technology and privacy presents both opportunities and challenges. Understanding the benefits and dangers is crucial in navigating this complex landscape.Benefits of AI in Privacy:Personalized Experiences: AI enables personalized services and recommendations tailored to individual preferences, enhancing user experiences without compromising privacy.Efficient Data Analysis: AI algorithms can analyze vast amounts of data to identify patterns and insights while preserving the anonymity of individuals, facilitating data-driven decision-making in various domains.Enhanced Security 

Measures: AI-powered security solutions can detect and prevent cyber threats more effectively, safeguarding sensitive information and mitigating privacy risks.Dangers of AI in Privacy:Data Privacy Concerns: The widespread use of AI raises concerns about the collection, storage, and misuse of personal data, leading to potential privacy violations and breaches.Algorithmic Bias: AI systems may perpetuate biases present in the data they are trained on, resulting in discriminatory outcomes and infringing upon privacy rights, particularly for marginalized communities.Loss of Autonomy: Over-reliance on AI-driven systems for decision-making may diminish individual autonomy and agency, eroding privacy rights and exacerbating power imbalances.Conclusion:In conclusion, navigating the nexus of AI and privacy requires a delicate balance between harnessing the benefits of technology and mitigating its inherent risks. By prioritizing transparency, accountability, and user empowerment, we can harness the transformative potential of AI while safeguarding privacy rights for all individuals. As we venture into this digital frontier, let us strive to build a future where privacy is not only protected but also respected as a cornerstone of dignity and freedom in the age of AI.

Conclusion:-

Customizable Privacy Settings:-

  - Users have unique privacy preferences and risk tolerances.
  - Customizable privacy settings and granular controls empower users to tailor their privacy preferences.
  - Clear options for opting in or out of data collection, along with mechanisms for accessing, correcting, or deleting personal information, give users greater control over their digital identities.

Transparency and Accountability:-

  - Open communication about data practices builds trust and confidence among users.
  - Organizations must be transparent about the purposes for data collection, its use, and sharing practices.

Balancing Innovation and Protection:-

  - The future of privacy in the age of AI requires balancing innovation and protection.
  - Vigilance is necessary to safeguard privacy rights and advocate for ethical AI development practices. 

Prioritizing User Empowerment:-

  - By prioritizing transparency, accountability, and user empowerment, a digital ecosystem can be created that fosters trust, respect, and dignity for all individuals.
  - The quest for privacy beyond the binary is a societal endeavor requiring collective action and commitment from all stakeholders.

In conclusion, the future of privacy in the age of AI hinges on empowering users to tailor their privacy preferences, fostering transparency and accountability within organizations, and balancing innovation with protection. By prioritizing user empowerment and ethical AI development practices, we can forge a future where privacy is protected and respected as a fundamental human right in the age of AI.

Science in the light of The Holy Qur'an and Hadith (part-1); The Origin Of Human Being And Evolution.

             ﷽ 

All the Knowledge of the world is given by Allah and if we Acquire any knowledge for the sake of Allah, then it is also a form of worship
First of all I would like to mention some references of  Hadiths

Hazrat Anas ibn Malik (رضي الله عنه‎) says : قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم (The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said,) “Seeking knowledge is an obligation upon every Muslim.”

Source: Sunan Ibn Mājah 224

Grade: Sahih (authentic) 

                                               عَنْ أَنَسِ بْنِ مَالِكٍ قَالَ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ طَلَبُ الْعِلْمِ فَرِيضَةٌ عَلَى كُلِّ مُسْلِمٍ

                                                              224 سنن ابن ماجه كتاب المقدمة باب فضل العلماء والحث على طلب العلم

                                                                   3914 المحدث الألباني خلاصة حكم المحدث صحيح في صحيح الجامع

Hazrat Abu Huraira (رضي الله عنه) says: قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم (The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said), “The word of wisdom is the lost property of the believer. Wherever he finds it, he is most deserving of it.”

Source: Sunan al-Tirmidhī 2687

Grade: Hasan (fair) 

                               عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ قَالَ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ الْكَلِمَةُ الْحِكْمَةُ ضَالَّةُ الْمُؤْمِنِ فَحَيْثُ وَجَدَهَا فَهُوَ أَحَقُّ بِهَا

                                                                            2687 سنن الترمذي كتاب العلم باب ما جاء في فضل الفقه على العبادة

                                                                          6444 المحدث السيوطي خلاصة حكم المحدث حسن في الجامع الصغير

It should be kept in mind that The Holy Qur`an is not a book of science, history, physiology, geography or any of other fields rather it is a book of guidance, for every little thing that we find there may be a reference or an indication or maybe generalization but specifics may or may not be stated. Primarily this is not a book of "SCIENCE" despite it.... this is The book of "SIGNS" from all mighty Allah and this is not revealed for this purpose but its revelation 1400 years back mention and describe categorically with positive accuracy many aspect of scientific facts which was not known mankind before but.....as the time is passing on, Some of those scientific facts are revealed to mankind. Their are many scientific aspect and fact are revealed just on present decades or present century and those knowledge were never known to the scientist or scholars but Qur'an describe and unfolded these facts 14th century ago.
Before writing further I want to clear that I use the word science to mean knowledge which has been established or which are not likely to be subject to further discussion. It does not include the theories which, for a time or help to explain a phenomenon or a series of phenomenons. I only intend to deal with comparisons between statements in the Qur'an and scientific knowledge which are permanently established. And one most important thing is that every letter of Holy Qur'an is more than 100% correct because this is a revelation from Allah. And whenever science is at its peak, it will bow its head in front of the Qur'an and fall in prostrate. Science can be wrong but Qur'an cannot be wrong. Science stumbles many times to reach a result, But Qur'an is eternal  truth. 

Science is based on assumptions and probabilities but the Holy Qur'an described the real eternal truth. So if the science that cannot explain this truth..... is not science, because the Creator(الخالق) knows everything more better then anyone.

Now I am going to talk about the things that I came to know from my research or as much as I could understand about that. [Mistakes can happen by humans but Allah is forgiver and beneficent  and most merciful (الغَفورُ الرَّحيمُ). If I make a mistake in understanding or writing, may Allah forgive me too (أَسْتَغْفِرُ اللّٰهَ) ]

First of all I would like to explain that topic about which many peoples have misconceptions, "The Creation Of Human". We have been taught in our science books that according to The Charles Darwin The monkeys, apes and humans must have a common ancestor because of our similarities compared to other species but till now, no one have a single solid evidence of this theory and i believe no one can prove that in future. His theory is just a hypothesis and self-contradictory and his theory is based on his presumption which is totally illogical and there are growing number of scientists who doubt on Darwin's theory, there are more then 1000+ Scientists, biologist ...etc who doubt or disagree with Darwinian theory and I also do not accept his theory as being a postgraduate student of zoology. And even some people says our ancestors are monkey!. But if we think about that we come from monkeys is like saying you are the child of your cousin which is totally nonsense. And nor our ancestors the same. Because According to the holy Qur'an, humans came into existence from Adam(PBUH).I do believe in evolution but not in Darwinian evolution. Evolution is something else. Struggle for existence , survival of the fittest and natural selection and that automatically changes one species to another this is wrong. Because on every changes of species we need another "Kun"(Surah Al-Nahl Ch-16 ; V-40) from Allah, The mechanism of Darwinian evolution has not been proved and not very much liked in biological areas as I mention before.

So every time we have to have a "Kun" and that changes become from Allah (SWT). But according to him humans are only a animal being just like other animals but human is not a animal being only, he is a spiritual being also. So main thing is that existence has not come through evolution it is direct from Allah and if someone believe that anything happens automatically, so this type of thinking  is called "Kufr". The holy Qur'an give us the right information about that. So the reality is there are two being  joint in mysterious(غيب) way one being is the Animal being or Physical being which is come out of clay from the crust of the earth but the other personality is directly created by Allah In "Alam-e-Amr" or "Alam-e-Arwah" which is called spiritual existence and we called it "Rooh".

Our Physical existence has come from the clay from the crust of the earth through a very long process of evolution which i will mention further. According to the Qur'an there are two sphere of existence which are independent of each other but also intertwine with each other.

 Qur'an says in Surah Al-A'raaf Ch-07 ; V- 54 :-

اِنَّ رَبَّكُمُ اللّٰهُ الَّذِىۡ خَلَقَ السَّمٰوٰتِ وَ الۡاَرۡضَ فِىۡ سِتَّةِ اَيَّامٍ ثُمَّ اسۡتَوٰى عَلَى الۡعَرۡشِ يُغۡشِى الَّيۡلَ النَّهَارَ يَطۡلُبُهٗ حَثِيۡثًا ۙ وَّالشَّمۡسَ وَالۡقَمَرَ وَالنُّجُوۡمَ مُسَخَّرٰتٍۢ بِاَمۡرِهٖ ؕ اَلَا لَـهُ الۡخَـلۡقُ وَالۡاَمۡرُ​ ؕ تَبٰرَكَ اللّٰهُ رَبُّ الۡعٰلَمِيۡنَ‏   

In this verse word "امر" (Amr) means commands and "خلق" (Khalque) means creation, so according to this-

(1). The World of Command or The Spiritual World(Alam-e-Amr).

(2). The World of Material or The Physical World(Alam-e-Khalque).

(1). The Creation Of  Spiritual Existence of Human In The World Of Command (Alam-e-Amr) :-

In this Amr or the world of command or spiritual world, things happen immediately instantly

in Surah Al-Nahl Ch-16 ; V-40

إِنَّمَا قَوْلُنَا لِشَيْءٍ إِذَا أَرَدْنَاهُ أَنْ نَقُولَ لَهُ كُنْ فَيَكُونُ

When the command of Allah and the command is "Kun" which mean "Be" and its become, "KUN FAYAKUN" (كُنْ فَيَكُونُ) there is no time element included in it. This is the world of command and the other one is the world of creation, and this world which we can physically observed is the world of creation. in this world of creation, something created out of something like man is created from clay. In this world of creation time factor is always involve that is why the Qur'an says "Kaynat"(The World) is created in 6 Days, but we don't know the duration of the day of Allah because there is several verses where Qur'an says 50,000 years of ours makes the day of judgment but these type of Ayats (Verses) are called "Ayat-e-Mutashabihat" or Ambiguous verses and only Allah knows its proper interpretation, and those who firmly rooted in knowledge (in Surah Al-Imraan Ch-3;V-7 ). So we can call these days are millennium, but time is always involve in every process of this world because time is also a creation of Allah.

In Surah Al-Ghaafir Ch-40 ; v-11 

قَالُوۡا رَبَّنَاۤ اَمَتَّنَا اثۡنَتَيۡنِ وَاَحۡيَيۡتَنَا اثۡنَتَيۡنِ فَاعۡتَرَفۡنَا بِذُنُوۡبِنَا فَهَلۡ اِلٰى خُرُوۡجٍ مِّنۡ سَبِيۡلٍ‏ 

They will say: “Our Lord! You have made us to die twice and You have given us life twice! Now we confess to our sins, then is there any way to get out [of Hell]?”

In this verse if we try understand it deeply our spirits are created in "Alam-e-Amr" which is much before this material universe or "Alam-e-khalq". As I mention before there is no time element involve in "Alam-e-Amr" but This material world or Alam-e-Khalk is started with The Big Bang but this period is pre big bang the command of Allah which is "kun" it took the form of "Noor" or the "Divine light", a light with no heat without any motion and according to this light were created the angels.

In Surah Sad Ch-38;V-72

فَاِذَا سَوَّيۡتُهٗ وَنَفَخۡتُ فِيۡهِ مِنۡ رُّوۡحِىۡ فَقَعُوۡا لَهٗ سٰجِدِيۡنَ‏

In this verse Allah says "After I have created him and breathed into him of My spirit, fall you down, prostrating yourselves to him"

Imam Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī says, “This indicates that the creation of the human is only complete with two things: first of all, his uprightness, and then the breathing of the spirit into him. This is true because the human is a composite of body and soul". All human being's spirits from the first human Adam (a s) to last son of Adam, these "Arwah" in hadith. We find the words "Al-Arwahu juludumujadadda" the spirit of all human beings were created that movement but still the time and space complex not split at that movement. That's mean time is not there.

Because in Surah Adh-Dhaariyat Ch- 51; V- 47

وَ السَّمَآءَ بَنَيۡنٰهَا بِاَيۡٮدٍ وَّاِنَّا لَمُوۡسِعُوۡنَ‏ 

In this verse Allah(SWT) says:- "We(Allah) created universe with might, and we are expanding it".

According to this the Big Bang was not just a explosion of material into an empty universe, it was the explosion of space and time into existence. So this is our first life as a spiritual being only but then during this life Allah took the comments from those spirits of human being. 

in Qur'an Ch-7 v-171 

وَ اِذۡ اَخَذَ رَبُّكَ مِنۡۢ بَنِىۡۤ اٰدَمَ مِنۡ ظُهُوۡرِهِمۡ ذُرِّيَّتَهُمۡ وَ اَشۡهَدَهُمۡ عَلٰٓى اَنۡفُسِهِمۡ​ ۚ اَلَسۡتُ بِرَبِّكُمۡ​ ؕ قَالُوۡا بَلٰى​ ۛۚ شَهِدۡنَا ​ۛۚ اَنۡ تَقُوۡلُوۡا يَوۡمَ الۡقِيٰمَةِ اِنَّا كُنَّا عَنۡ هٰذَا غٰفِلِيۡنَ ۙ

Allah says "Am I not your lord" and all of us all the human being whom there before the and of this universe, they said in one voice "Why not you are our lord".

This was the first comments taken from the all human being by there lord and the creator(Allah) then then they(Spirits) were put to sleep this was the first death and now after the Big Bang it took the form of fluctuating quantum particles and as I mentioned before this is the initial stage, where expansion of space-time fabric and matter has started (Surah Adh-Dhaariyat Ch- 51; V- 47). After that the universe cooled and matter formed and after a little 9 billion years, our solar system was born.

[I am not going into deep explanation because I will publish the whole series of articles based on this topic so this is only a part first of this series].

(2). The Creation Of Animal Existence Or Physical Body Of Human In The World Of Creation (Alam-e-Khalque) :-

• The Chemical Evolution or Origin of Physical Human Body.
• The Embryonic Development Of Human Body.

• The Chemical Evolution or origin Of Physical Human Body:-

First of all Qur'an describe the appearance of the life on Earth which is The chemical evolution of life and this is before Hazrat Adam(a s) the first prophet came into existence now the life appearance on the earth and what was the process of chemical evolution and development of life up till the level of creation of the human. Modern science certify each and every aspect which is mention in holy Qur'an. Qur'an has given the detail of human creation and appearance of human race on the earth and Qur'an has mention 7 terms in respect of chemical evolution and creation of man.Before explaining further I want to show you a small map of all these 7 terms. 

So Qur'an says that man was created out of "Turaab" which is inorganic matter and another place it is stated man was created from "water", another place  it is stated the man was  created from "Teen" (clay)  then at another place Qur'an say man was created from "Teen-e-lazibin" (adsorble clay) and another place it is mention that man was erected from "Sulalatin minteen" and that is the chemical extract purify clay and 6th place it is stated man was created from"Salsalinkalfakhar "that is highly dry and highly perfect clay and 7th reference of Qur'an is "Salalin-min-hamai-masnoon" it was created from old physically and chemically altered mud.

Now i would like to explain these 7 terms in a brief then I will mention those Quranic verses as a reference of these terms of evolution. So we know that the initial stage of the Earth was like a ball of fire and it took long time to cool down and when it happen, then it is established fact that compound came into existence on the outer layer of the earth by the composition of various chemical elements and then compounds like NH3, CH3, H2 ....etc. When the earth getting colder, the water vapor of the air converts into rain. After that when the water of the earth collected all of these compound and mix with that. At that time there was an addition of some other minerals and all of these compound and minerals along with the water that was absorbed in soil Because water is such a great solvent, by combination of water and dust "(Teen) the clay " come to the existence, so according to The Holy Qur'an the dust was one origin of human life which did exist on the surface of the earth Qur'an says "we created you out of "Teen" so there is difference between "Turaab" and "Teen" here, "Turaab' means "Soil or dust" and if water is combined with Turaab(Soil or Dust) it becomes "Teen" AKA "clay" and Qur'an says we created you out of not only clay but "Teenin lazibin" which mean sticky clay and it is adsorbed on the coast of seas and soil of the earth's crust. Then Qur'an says after the long time there was a process of chemical and physical changes by the passage of the time there was a chemical  attraction and changes. Qur'an mention the concept of chemical extract of clay it is an indication of chemical element and after long time it become dry and Qur'an mention its dry stage as "Salsalin kalfakhar "(dry clay)" and by the long time process of chemical changes Qur'an indicates, the other changes as "salsalin min hamai masnoon" that mean after long time its color and smell was change and it was chemically and physically altered mud.So there is two sequence in origin :-

(1)Organic and (2) inorganic.

As far as the creation of man out of dust is concern it was inorganic origin and when it was combined with water and other chemical compounds so this stage become the organic origin of human life. So those stages is beginning of human life the first human our father and Nabi "Adam (Alaihissalaam)" and after that in Surah Al-Hijr Allah says to angels "prostrate him because this is an example of my lordness and my kudarat(Might)" at that time Allah put the spirit in this chemically and physically altered mud and after that long process the first human (Adam) is come into existence. After that Allah (SWT) gives the power of auto reproduction to Adam after that Allah Created The mother of all human The Eve or Hawwa(a s) from Adam's Rib.

• References :-

1. Surah Al-Muamin, Verse-67 

هُوَ الَّذِي خَلَقَكُمْ مِنْ تُرَابٍ ثُمَّ مِنْ نُطْفَةٍ ثُمَّ مِنْ عَلَقَةٍ ثُمَّ يُخْرِجُكُمْ طِفْلًا ثُمَّ لِتَبْلُغُوا أَشُدَّكُمْ ثُمَّ لِتَكُونُوا شُيُوخًا ۚ وَمِنْكُمْ مَنْ يُتَوَفَّىٰ مِنْ قَبْلُ ۖ وَلِتَبْلُغُوا أَجَلًا مُسَمًّى وَلَعَلَّكُمْ تَعْقِلُونَ

In this verse "Huwa allathee khalaqakum min turabin" the word "Turaab" means soil.

2. Surah Al-Ambiya, Ch-20; V-30

اَوَلَمۡ يَرَ الَّذِيۡنَ كَفَرُوۡۤا اَنَّ السَّمٰوٰتِ وَالۡاَرۡضَ كَانَـتَا رَتۡقًا فَفَتَقۡنٰهُمَا​ ؕ وَجَعَلۡنَا مِنَ الۡمَآءِ كُلَّ شَىۡءٍ حَىٍّ​ ؕ اَفَلَا يُؤۡمِنُوۡنَ

in this verse the word "الۡمَآءِ" means "Water", Allah say "We made every living thing out of water"

3. Surah Saad, Ch-38; V-71

اِذۡ قَالَ رَبُّكَ لِلۡمَلٰٓـئِكَةِ اِنِّىۡ خَالِـقٌ ۢ بَشَرًا مِّنۡ طِيۡنٍ

 

In this verse, Allah says "I am creating the human being from clay" {word "Teen(طِيۡنٍ)" means "Clay"}

4. Surah As-Saaaffaat, Ch-37; V-11

فَاسۡتَفۡتِهِمۡ اَهُمۡ اَشَدُّ خَلۡقًا اَمۡ مَّنۡ خَلَقۡنَاؕ اِنَّا خَلَقۡنٰهُمۡ مِّنۡ طِيۡنٍ لَّازِبٍ‏

In this verse, Allah says "So ask them (that is, human beings): “Were they harder to create than the objects We created?” We created them from sticky clay".{word Teen-e-lazibin( طِيۡنٍ لَّازِبٍ)} means "sticky clay"or "Adsorbable clay".

5. Surah Al-Hijr, Ch-15; V-26

وَلَـقَدۡ خَلَقۡنَا الۡاِنۡسَانَ مِنۡ صَلۡصَالٍ مِّنۡ حَمَاٍ مَّسۡنُوۡنٍ

In this verse, Allah says " Surely We brought man into being out of dry ringing clay which was wrought from black mud". {The Arabic word "Salasal (صَلۡصَالٍ)" means the "dried clay" which produces a sound like pottery. "Hams (حَمَاٍ)" is the black mud which has become so rotten as to be in a fermented state. "Masnun(مَّسۡنُوۡنٍ)" has a double meaning: (a) rotten clay which has become greasy, (b) clay which has been molded into a shape}.

6. Surah Al-Rahman, Ch-55;V-14

خَلَقَ الۡاِنۡسَانَ مِنۡ صَلۡصَالٍ كَالۡفَخَّارِۙ

In this verse, Qur'an says "He created man from ringing clay, like

baked pottery." means its clearly indicates that Allah created us from this last form of earth, When the act of burning completes the clay becomes dried and this shape.

7. Surah Surah Al-Mu'minoon, Ch-23; V-12

وَلَقَدۡ خَلَقۡنَا الۡاِنۡسَانَ مِنۡ سُلٰلَةٍ مِّنۡ طِيۡنٍ​ ۚ‏

In this verse, Allah says "We created man out of the extract of clay".

{ Here in the Arabic word "Sulalah min Teen( سُلٰلَةٍ مِّنۡ طِيۡنٍ)" The word "sulalah" is taken from the word "salla" or "yasullu" and its meaning is to purify something from dirt. According to Imam Rāghib the meaning of sulālah min tīn is that such an Chemical Stages of Human Creation So sulālah is a very purified and delicate shape of something and it is declared as the essence of that thing.}

8. Surah An-Nisa, Ch-4; v-1

يٰۤـاَيُّهَا النَّاسُ اتَّقُوۡا رَبَّكُمُ الَّذِىۡ خَلَقَكُمۡ مِّنۡ نَّفۡسٍ وَّاحِدَةٍ وَّخَلَقَ مِنۡهَا زَوۡجَهَا وَبَثَّ مِنۡهُمَا رِجَالًا كَثِيۡرًا وَّنِسَآءً​ ۚ وَاتَّقُوا اللّٰهَ الَّذِىۡ تَسَآءَلُوۡنَ بِهٖ وَالۡاَرۡحَامَ​ ؕ اِنَّ اللّٰهَ كَانَ عَلَيۡكُمۡ رَقِيۡبًا

In this verse, Qur'an says "O men! Fear your Lord Who created you from a single being and out of it created its mate; and out of the two spread many men and women. Fear Allah in Whose name you plead for rights, and heed the ties of kinship. Surely, Allah is ever watchful over you."

means 

9. in Tafsir-e-Tabari, Imam Tabari explain the creation of Hawwa(a s)-

 
 

9. Sahih Bukhari, Chapter; The Creation Of Adam and his Offspring Hadees 3331-

حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو كُرَيْبٍ، وَمُوسَى بْنُ حِزَامٍ، قَالاَ حَدَّثَنَا حُسَيْنُ بْنُ عَلِيٍّ، عَنْ زَائِدَةَ، عَنْ مَيْسَرَةَ الأَشْجَعِيِّ، عَنْ أَبِي حَازِمٍ، عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ ـ رضى الله عنه ـ قَالَ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم ‏ "‏ اسْتَوْصُوا بِالنِّسَاءِ، فَإِنَّ الْمَرْأَةَ خُلِقَتْ مِنْ ضِلَعٍ، وَإِنَّ أَعْوَجَ شَىْءٍ فِي الضِّلَعِ أَعْلاَهُ، فَإِنْ ذَهَبْتَ تُقِيمُهُ كَسَرْتَهُ، وَإِنْ تَرَكْتَهُ لَمْ يَزَلْ أَعْوَجَ، فَاسْتَوْصُوا بِالنِّسَاءِ ‏"‏‏.

Narrated Abu Huraira: Allah 's Apostle said, "Treat women nicely, for a women is created from a rib, and the most curved portion of the rib is its upper portion, so, if you should try to straighten it, it will break, but if you leave it as it is, it will remain crooked. So treat women nicely."

The Embryonic development of Human:-

Islam declared Biparental theory. And according to the Quran and hadith  their is no concern of Preformation theory and no concern of Aristotle theory. Qur'an declared the man is comes into existence by the combination of the sperm of male and ovum of female. The realization that the human embryo develops in stages was not known until the 15th century and after the microscope was discovered in the 17th century by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek description were made of the earlier stages of the chick embryo and the staging of  human embryo was not describe until the 20th century. In 1941 a scientist named "George Streeter" developed the first system of staging of human embryo which has now been replaced by a more accurate system proposed by O'Rahilly (1972)..But the holy Qur'an describe the categorically description of the embryonic stages. After reading the Quranic verses about embryology which I'm going to mention below, professor Keith L. Moore was astonished.

(1). Surah Az-Zamur ch;39, v;6

خَلَقَكُمۡ مِّنۡ نَّفۡسٍ وَّاحِدَةٍ ثُمَّ جَعَلَ مِنۡهَا زَوۡجَهَا وَاَنۡزَلَ لَـكُمۡ مِّنَ الۡاَنۡعَامِ ثَمٰنِيَةَ اَزۡوَاجٍ​ ؕ يَخۡلُقُكُمۡ فِىۡ بُطُوۡنِ اُمَّهٰتِكُمۡ خَلۡقًا مِّنۡۢ بَعۡدِ خَلۡقٍ فِىۡ ظُلُمٰتٍ ثَلٰثٍ​ ؕ ذٰ لِكُمُ اللّٰهُ رَبُّكُمۡ لَهُ الۡمُلۡكُ​ ؕ لَاۤ اِلٰهَ اِلَّا هُوَ​ ۚ فَاَ نّٰى تُصۡرَفُوۡنَ‏ 

"He makes you in the wombs of your mothers in stages, one after another, in three veils of darkness."  (Quran 39:6)

"The three veils of darkness" may refer to: (1) the anterior abdominal wall; (2) the uterine wall; and (3) the amniochorionic membrane. Although there are other interpretations of this statement, the one presented here seems the most logical from an embryological point of view.

(2). Surah Al-Muminoon ch;23, v;13

        ثُمَّ جَعَلناهُ نُطفَةً في قَرارٍ مَكينٍ

"Then we made him a drop of [seminal] fluid [lodged] in a secure abode" (Quran 23:13)

The drop or "Nutfah" has been interpreted as the sperm or spermatozoon, but a more meaningful interpretation would be the zygote which divides to form a blastocyst which is implanted in the uterus ("a place of rest"). This interpretation is supported by another verse in the Qur'an which states that "a human being is created from a mixed drop." The zygote forms by the union of a mixture of the sperm and the ovum ("The mixed drop").

(3). Surah Al-Muminoon ch;23,v;14 

ثُمَّ خَلَقنَا النُّطفَةَ عَلَقَةً فَخَلَقنَا العَلَقَةَ مُضغَةً فَخَلَقنَا المُضغَةَ عِظامًا فَكَسَونَا العِظامَ لَحمًا ثُمَّ أَنشَأناهُ خَلقًا آخَرَ ۚ فَتَبارَكَ اللَّهُ أَحسَنُ الخالِقينَ

 

"Then We created the drop of fluid as a clinging mass. Then We created the clinging mass as a fleshy tissue. Then We created the fleshy tissue as bones. Then We clothed the bones with flesh. Then We produced him as [yet] another creature. So blessed is Allah, the best of creators! " (Quran 23:14)

The word "alaqah" refers to a leech or bloodsucker. This is an appropriate description of the human embryo from days 7-24 when it clings to the endometrium of the uterus, in the same way that a leech clings to the skin. Just as the leech derives blood from the host, the human embryo derives blood from the decidua or pregnant endometrium. It is remarkable how much the embryo of 23-24 days resembles a leech As there were no microscopes or lenses available in the 7th century, doctors would not have known that the human embryo had this leech-like appearance. In the early part of the fourth week, the embryo is just visible to the unaided eye because it is smaller than a kernel of wheat. The Arabic word "mudghah" means "chewed substance or chewed lump." Toward the end of the fourth week, the human embryo looks somewhat like a chewed lump of flesh. The chewed appearance results from the somites which resemble teeth marks. The somites represent the beginnings or primordia of the vertebrae. And the chewed lump stage, bones and muscles form. This is in accordance with embryological development. First the bones form as cartilage models and then the muscles (flesh) develop around them from the somatic mesoderm. And the bones and muscles result in the formation of another creature. This may refer to the human-like embryo that forms by the end of the eighth week. At this stage it has distinctive human characteristics and possesses the primordia of all the internal and external organs and parts. After the eighth week, the human embryo is called a fetus. This may be the new creature to which the verse refers.

(4). Surah As-sajda ch;32, v;9

ثُمَّ سَوّاهُ وَنَفَخَ فيهِ مِن روحِهِ ۖ وَجَعَلَ لَكُمُ السَّمعَ وَالأَبصارَ وَالأَفئِدَةَ ۚ قَليلًا ما تَشكُرونَ

"And He gave you hearing and sight and feeling and understanding." (Quran 32:9)

This Surah indicates that the special senses of hearing, seeing, and feeling develop in this order, which is true. The primordia of the internal ears appear before the beginning of the eyes, and the brain (the site of understanding) differentiates last.

(5) Surah Al-hajj ch;22,v;5

يا أَيُّهَا النّاسُ إِن كُنتُم في رَيبٍ مِنَ البَعثِ فَإِنّا خَلَقناكُم مِن تُرابٍ ثُمَّ مِن نُطفَةٍ ثُمَّ مِن عَلَقَةٍ ثُمَّ مِن مُضغَةٍ مُخَلَّقَةٍ وَغَيرِ مُخَلَّقَةٍ لِنُبَيِّنَ لَكُم ۚ وَنُقِرُّ فِي الأَرحامِ ما نَشاءُ إِلىٰ أَجَلٍ مُسَمًّى ثُمَّ نُخرِجُكُم طِفلًا ثُمَّ لِتَبلُغوا أَشُدَّكُم ۖ وَمِنكُم مَن يُتَوَفّىٰ وَمِنكُم مَن يُرَدُّ إِلىٰ أَرذَلِ العُمُرِ لِكَيلا يَعلَمَ مِن بَعدِ عِلمٍ شَيئًا ۚ وَتَرَى الأَرضَ هامِدَةً فَإِذا أَنزَلنا عَلَيهَا الماءَ اهتَزَّت وَرَبَت وَأَنبَتَت مِن كُلِّ زَوجٍ بَهيجٍ

"O people! If you are in doubt about the resurrection, [consider that] We indeed created you from dust, then from a drop of [seminal] fluid, then from a clinging mass,1 then from a fleshy tissue,2 partly formed and partly unformed, so that We may manifest [Our power] to you. We establish in the wombs whatever We wish for a specified term, then We bring you forth as infants, then [We rear you] so that you may come of age. [Then] there are some of you who are taken away, and there are some of you who are relegated to the nethermost age, so that he knows nothing after [having possessed] some knowledge. And you see the earth torpid, yet when We send down water upon it, it stirs and swells, and grows every delightful kind [of plant]."

This Surah seems to indicate that the embryo is composed of both differentiated and undifferentiated tissues. For example, when the cartilage bones are differentiated, the embryonic connective tissue or mesenchyme around them is undifferentiated. It later differentiates into the muscles and ligaments attached to the bones. This next part of Surah seems to imply that God determines which embryos will remain in the uterus until full term. It is well known that many embryos abort during the first month of development, and that only about 30% of zygotes that form, develop into fetuses that survive until birth. This verse has also been interpreted to mean that God determines whether the embryo will develop into a boy or girl.

The interpretation of the verses in the Qur'an referring to human development would not have been possible in the 7th century A.D., or even a hundred years ago. We can interpret them now because the science of modern Embryology affords us new understanding. Undoubtedly there are other verses in the Qur'an related to human development that will be understood in the future as our knowledge increases.

So this the brief article on this topic "Science in the light of The Holy Qur'an and Hadith (part-1) ; The Origin Of Human Being And Evolution." This topic is very deep but I have tried to explain briefly.

Reference Books:-

1. Kanzul Iman By Ala Hazrat Imam ahle-sunnat Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi.

2. Tafseer-e-Kabeer aka Tafseer al-Razi By Hazrat Imam Fakhruddin al-Razi.

3. al-Mufradat by Imam Al-Raghib al-Isfahani.

4. Al-Qamus al-Muhit by Imam Muhammad Fairuzabadi.

5. Tafseer-e-Tabari by Imam Al-Tabari.

6. Bayan-ul-Qur'an by Dr. Israr Ahmed.

7. Irfan-ul-Qur'an by Shaikhul Islam Dr.Tahirul Qadri.

8. Creation of Man by Shaikhul Islam Dr.Tahirul Qadri.

9. A Scientist's Interpretation of References to Embryology in the Qur'an by Keith L. Moore. Journal of the Islamic Medical Association of North America, Vol. 18, Jan-June 1986.

Basic information about new Omicron Variant of Corona Virus.

we know that covid 19 has a wreaked havoc all over the world and it is become the most dangerous pandemic of this century. It has taken many lives across the world but we also know that we are about to experience a new threat in the coming days which is omicron variant of covid 19 (B.1.1.529) which is also known as "The Variant Of Concern". No, one knows where omicron first emerges. But it was first identified in Botswana, South Africa and then now it has been detected in many other countries including India, Australia, England, France, Germany, Canada, Denmark, Austria, Belgium, Hong Kong, Israel, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal and Scotland. The recent reports show that this variant has spread to 38 countries around the world. But let me make this thing clear , no specific information has been received about  this omicron variant but all we know is that information has been gathered it by "WHO". Its symptoms are mild like Headache, fatigue, body pain, scratchy throat without cough but in this case there is no loss of smell or loss of taste occur. And mostly males in the age group between 20-30s are infected by this omicron variant.

My main motive is to educate about this virus to those people who are not aware of the field of science or those students who are studying in any field other then science. So for I am trying to use such words which can be understood by the people of all classes and fields. These things are little bit  complicated. So basically the virus is made up with two components Protein and Nucleic acid. protein is the coat of the virus and nucleic acid is the genetic component of the virus. Nucleic acids can be RNA or DNA but in case of corona virus it is the RNA. If we look the structure of omicron virus we see many spike or spring loop like structure on the outer surface of virus which is actually are amino acids, (Because amino acids join together and make proteins) and these structure are called spike protein. Basically the spike protein is a highly glycosylated and large type 1 transmembrane fusion protein that is made up of 1160 to 1400 amino acids, depending upon the type of virus, I'm not going that deep...... but these things are basics for understand the virus. and with the help of these spike protein virus attaches the host cells and then enters the host cells (in this case the human's nose and  mouth cells are the host cells) and takes possession of it and start infecting the cell. and then virus starts making many copies of itself ....as a result of which the person becomes ill.

Now why this variant is called  "The Variant Of Concern" according to The WHO and the CDC, there are some special points which are highlighted about this-

1). Increased transmission.    

2). Increased severity of illness.

3). Decreased efficacy to drugs.

4). Decreased efficacy to vaccines.

These 4 points of characteristics have arisen due to "Mutations" in this virus. So basically when the virus acquires small changes in genetic materials we called this "Mutation". And whenever the virus mutated, it becomes a new variant of itself. The Alpha variant has 23 mutations compared with the original Wuhan strain. The Beta variant has some other mutations in which it has 8 distinct mutations that may effect  how the virus binds to cells. Similarly The Gama variant is closely related to Beta variant but this variant carries 8 additional sequence changes mutation. The Delta variant has several important mutations with 8 new mutations. The Eta variant carries some of the same mutations seen in the Alpha variant and 4 other additional mutation. And The Iota variant has 3 different mutations. The Kappa variant has some 7-8 new mutations. after this The Lambda variant has another 7 new mutations. And The Mu variant also has some mutations those are found in beta variant and some other mutation. And now finally, The new Omicron variant have more than 30 mutation. So you can now understand why this one is more dangerous then older variants or versions of the corona virus .Because of this heavy mutation in this omicron variant that only reason why the WHO and CDC is calling this as a "Variant Of Concern"

The Aurora or the Polar Lights

The AURORA or we also Known as a "The Polar Lights", The Northern Light (Aurora Borealis) or The Southern Light (Aurora Australis) are one of most beautiful displays of nature. Apart from these, "Black Aurora or Anti-Aurora", "Electron Aurora", "Proton Aurora", etc.... are also.. If this is done in depth study then this topic is quite big but i'm just giving an overview of them. So.....There are mainly two types of aurora :-

1. Diffuse Aurora.
2. Discrete Aurora.

 Other planets have their own aurora but in this article I'm just writing about Earth's Aurora. In ancient times, people thought that the spirits of their ancestors can be seen dancing within the light of the aurora. In Norse Mythology the Vikings believed that the aurora was a bridges of fire to the Asgard and other says they're the light reflected of the Valkyrie's shields and people in Finland thought it was the Archangel Michael and John Travolta fighting with the Devil. And many other kinds of superstitions were spread out But they're all wrong and myths, They are actually caused by The SUN. First of all Galileo Galilei gave the Northern Lights their name "The Aurora Borealis" which is a Latin name and which mean "Dawn of the north" But he couldn't tell the reason behind this phenomenon. But in 1896 a Norwegian scientist Kristian Birkeland explain the reason behind this why does it happen. Well as we know that....our sun is a gigantic massive ball of "Plasma", and every once in a while it kicks up a bit of a Solar storm., and the Sun generates its energy by nuclear fusion of "H"-nuclei into "He", using the process of nuclear fusion .the sun is able to turn small amount of matter into a enormous quantities of energy .It's how the sun has managed to keep producing energy for billions of years without running out of fuel. This plasma around the sun generates huge magnetic fields. The magnetic field is forced outwards into space at great speeds, taking extremely hot gases and charged particles with it, this is known as a "Solar Flare" and they can be witnessed on the sun's surface as a very bright spot followed by a cloud of gas .When  a very large solar flair occurs containing a significantly huge amount of energy ,it referred to as a "Corona Mass Ejection", or "CME" for short.

Coronal Mass Ejection (CME)

The gas clouds produced by a CME can sometimes be larger then the sun itself, its doesn't stop charged particles ejected from the sun continue to travel outwards through space over enormous distances, After traveling through space  for almost two days they will reach on earth ,this is known as the "Solar Wind" and it can be extremely dangerous ,if a CME were hit our planet earth it could the extinction of the all races on the earth including humans. now that  a question is striking in your mind ,"why hasn't it".....well the solar wind regularly hit earth ,often ,but  we have a defense system to protects us from the huge bombardment of the son, earth produce its own magnetic field because at the earth's core is a ball of solid iron ,the heat of this iron turns the surrounding outer core into flowing liquid iron the movement of this outer liquid core produces a magnetic fields, this protective barrier is called the "Earth's Magnetosphere"  and it extends more then 600,000 kilometers (370,000 miles) from Earth which protect us from all sorts of HARSH Forces (not my friend Harsh vardhan because this disaster being is damn awesome ) that come from far away in space including solar flares. Most of the Sun's solar winds simply bounce off the earth's magnetosphere when it reaches us however the magnetosphere has two weak spots,at south pole and north pole thats why very small percentage of charged  particles that come from the sun, and enter in earth's atmosphere via the two weak spots. When this happens the electrons in solar wind collide with oxygen & nitrogen in the atmosphere. During this, energy is transferred from the solar wind to nitrogen and oxygen atoms and raised it up from there normal state to exciting state ,when it's happen atom's electron move into an orbit further away from the nucleus. These newly exited atoms release their energy to return their normal state, atoms release their energy in the form of photons which we see as the light which we call Aurora. Different elements gives different color for example; Ionized nitrogen will produce Blue color, whereas neutral nitrogen molecules produce Purple-Red color and oxygen molecules cause the Green color and oxygen atoms cause the red color  displays. simply... the color of emission line spectra depends on the chemical composition, and each type of atom produces its own unique color. and even, it is also produce sounds, there are generally two types of sound the first one is swishing sound that change with movement in that auroral display and the second one is crackling sound, like static electricity makes.

Relation between Black hole,White hole & Wormhole and What are these

Technically any object whose radius is smaller than its Schwarzschild Radius is called a "Black Hole" and Every galaxy has a super massive black hole at the center of it, The closest super massive black hole to Earth is about 27000 light year away in the center of our galaxy. It's name is " Sagittarius A* " (Coordinates: RA 1h 11m 3s | Dec -29° 0′ 28″) ..... when a star runs out of fuel and it can no longer keep itself hot enough, it collapse to a single ,smallest point, which known as a "Singularity" . And it's outer surface generally called the "Event horizon", this is a place between Singularity & Space . According to Professor Kip Thorne (California Institute of Technology)-"Event Horizon is not made of matter, it's just a unique location, where gravity is become so strong and just inside them that nothing can escape".Because a black hole is an object which escape velocity is more then the speed of light if we wanna make a black hole we must have the any mass equal or above to Planck Mass, because smallest mass of a black hole is approximately the Planck Mass. simply we can say that when a star dies, it become a Gravitational Ghost, called "The Black Hole". A Black hole not actually a hole and it doesn't suck anything, because suction is caused by pulling something into a vacuum. According to the NASA scientists a black hole is a place where Gravity pulls so much that even light  can't get out, So we can't able to see a black hole. According to the Einstein's theory of General Relativity, Space-time fabric is like a rubber sheet not a solid surface and Gravitational Field bends the space-time fabric.But, In my opinion, Our sensory existence is limited to the three dimensions that's why space-time is almost impossible to inspect or observe and a black hole is actually an absence of space-time because according to the Einstein theory, gravity causes displacement of space-time..! so absence of space time must be pure gravity.This enormous gravity of black hole is due to the density of it. because matter has been squeezed into a tiny space. In this sense when light comes behind a black hole then it's outstandingly distorted this effect called "Gravitational Lensing"

"Gravitational Lensing"

Mainly there are three type of black holes on the basis of there size :-

1. The first type is a tiny one it may be as small as just one atom, called "Primordial Black Hole" or "PBH" for short. They have extremely small Schwarzschild Radius and its density at the size would be so high. Therefore scientists say that they born in the beginning of our universe(During BIG BANG) when the density was extremely high.
2. The second one is called "Stellar Black Hole" or "SBH", Which have about 20 times of solar mass. They have about 10¹⁸ kg/m³ of density and they are much bigger then a PBH. That's why they have bigger Schwarzschild Radius and less density then a PBH. They born when a star die or two neutron star collides.
3. The third one is called "The Super Massive Black Hole " or "SMBH" these type of black holes are the largest black holes. It have mass about one million times of solar mass but comparatively they have lower density and high Schwarzschild Radius then SBH. They lurk in the heart of galaxies. For example :- "Galaxy NGC4889" have a SMBH in the center of it..... which have up to 21 billion of solar mass. 

and some other types of black hole are; Charged Black Holes, Virtual Black Holes, Kugelblits Black Hole, Naked Singularity, Spinning Black Holes & Non-spinning Black Holes.

• Charged Black Holes:- As the name gives information about it. A charged black hole have enormous amount of electric charge. They have two Horizon (1). Event Horizon. (2). Couchy Horizon.
• Virtual Black Hole :- These black holes are temporary. And they born as a fluctuation of quantum space time.
• Kugelblits Black Hole :- A Kugelblits Black Hole created by the collapsing of photons and this is the hottest thing in the universe.
• Naked Singularity :-This is a Gravitational singularity without an Event Horizon and technically it is observable.
• Spinning or Rotating Black Hole:-They also known as "Kerr black hole". We know that singularity is a infinite small point of a black hole, with no surface area.

  

  A Spinning Black Hole

   But rotating singularity can't be a point because point can't rotate, So....... as an alternative it's have shape of ring. We can say it a "Ringularity", which containing all the mass of the black hole. Just like singularity , ringularity also have no surface area and zero thickness. A ringularity creates a new region of space-time, called "Ergosphere".Ergosphere surrounds black hole in the center of it. In another words , Ergosphere is just like a sheathe, which covers the black hole. These type of black holes has Two surfaces of horizon, (1) Event Horizon (Outer Surface) (2) Couchy Horizon(Inner surface). And these Horizons are Topologically (Not Geometrically) spherical because these surfaces continuously formed and deformed.
    

  

  Spinning Black Hole's Diagram

  
  According to the Ricci Scalar (Scalar curvature) The curvature of the inner horizon is always negative throughout poles. But the curvature of Outer Horizon at the poles is negative but curvature of the equator is positive. It is assumed Spinning black hole transfers it's own kinetic energy in the form of rotation. So when we give some mass energy, it gives us some rotational energy. . To understand this concept let's take a example, When an object enters in a whirlpool, so the whirlpool pulls it inside it....... but not directly, it is sucked through spinning water current ,in this rotating area water current pulls that thing towards the water's direction. On the basis of this fact "Roger Penrose" theorized a creepy mechanism to extract this Rotational energy from a Spinning Black Hole, called "Penrose Mechanism". And another important theory is "Blandford-Znajek Process" , Theorized by "Roger Blandford" and "Roman Znajek" in 1977, in this process the concept of Horizon surface is replaced with the concept of Electromagnetic Active medium. 
• Non-Spinning or Non-Rotating Black Hole :-They also known as a Stationary Black Hole or Schwarzschild Black Hole. They would have to be created with material, having no angular momentum. But Non Rotating Black Hole are not likely to actually happen.
  
  In my opinion may be these are also rotate with a negligible speed of momentum or almost zero angular momentum.
  

But the shocking fact is the average density of a black hole can be lower then the water because black hole surrounds Singularity at the center of it. Everything that has ever fallen into the black hole is destroyed at the singularity. Black holes radiate there mass away as a radiation called "Hawking Radiation", but this process extremely slow, and this process happening constantly .the more the black hole loses the mass, the hotter it become and the faster it evaporates until they have a "Hawking Temperature". The peak wavelength of this radiation is nearly 16 times the Schwarzschild radius of the black hole..Everything that falls into the black hole is stored on its event horizon , So.......according to the Hologram theory , black hole is a hologram because everything inside is encoded on its event horizon but a person who fall inside a black hole wouldn't reading that they're encoded on a flat surfaces.

 Recently, two neutron star collided 130 million years ago and this greatest event was detected by LIGO-VIRGO. this observation done on August 17 , 2017 at 08:11 AM even this is a solid proof of a kilonova, A precious metal which can make Earth's of gold silver platinum ...etc. LIGO data revealed that the object created by the neutron-star merger is about 2.7 times the mass of the sun. It is therefore  either the lowest-mass black hole ever identified. This video is first LIGO/Virgo detection of a binary neutron star merger (GW170817).

 

WHAT HAPPENS  WHEN SOMETHING FALL IN A BLACK HOLE:-

Imagine when a person or for example my friend "Junaid Ahmed" wanna  go to the another galaxy but he accidentally get closer to the black hole's  gravitational area he get sucked into it with the speed of light instead, he experience his further journey become...slower, slower and slower until he reach  the event horizon. During this he would look as if the black hole diminishingly  away from him, Because his field of view would highly increased, in this sense..... Junaid would able to see almost everything behind him and suddenly he would see the black hole just front of his eyes. After that he become increasingly red shifted. After it the closer he get to the singularity the more power of gravity he experience ,this effect called "Tidal Force" and which body part are closer to the black hole, would be pulled more strongly to the singularity in this consequence the entire body of my friend would be stretched towards the singularity this process known as "Spatighittification". During Spatighittification effect which caused by tidal force every molecule of the body would be stretched until they torn apart. During this my friend who is almost 6 feet guy, become 600 feet or may be more taller for a moment.

WHEN TWO BLACK HOLES COLLIDE :-

The Galaxy NGC 6240 has two super massive black holes at the center of it. Scientists believe that one day these black holes may very well collide with each other.

the collision of two black holes is such a rare and the disastrous event. there's basically two possible results.which possibility depends on the speed at which the two black holes are traveling. If the two black holes are spinning at extremely high speed and come together at just the right angle, the smaller black hole will be catapulted away from the bigger black hole. But the second one is more likely outcome is that they will slowly come closer and closer together, until they become collapsed. this scenario would be incredible. After that the resulting black hole is known as a "Binary Black Hole". as the two black hole start to merge they would appear to be distorted mass of matter. But as they come closer together the resulting black holes through a process known as "Ring-Down".this is when any distortion in the shape is slowly deformed and the new binary black holes becomes more circular. until any asymmetry is lost and the black hole, become larger then ever before. The energy emitted from the collision would be incredible..... it would spread ripples through the space-time fabric of the universe. these ripples are are known as "Gravitational Waves".

Check this out; GW170814

                                                             Two Black Holes Colliding Signals detected by LIGO

THE WORMHOLE:-

The Wormholes were theorized by "Einstein" and "Nathan Rosen" ,as part of  theory of general relativity.they also called "Einstein-Rosen Bridges".And are thought of as holes through space-time fabric.Simply........Wormhole is a shortcut of two opening at different points in space-time with an invisible tunnel between the two points. Many scientist believe that, Its one end is a black hole and other on is a white hole and this is a way of Multiverse . One Russian researcher believe that he could spot them with a radio telescope .....but until now, it's never been done.Even scientists of "Autonomous University of Barcelona" have created a "magnetic wormhole", that transfer the magnetic field through an extra spacial dimension. This Magnetic Wormhole Made by "Metamaterial" but this isn't space-time wormhole.but they are a similar concept. Space-time wormhole are manipulation of gravitational force, and magnetic wormholes are manipulating electromagnetic force. this is possible by using metamaterials the scientists were able to create a tunnel using metamaterials .while normal space-time wormhole connect two points in this or other universe through an unseen bridge but this wormhole connect two magnetic fields through an unseen bridge!........A normal magnet has two poles ,north and south pole and they are opposed ,with a magnetic fields connecting them . In this case the Magnetic wormholes separates the poles and singling them out, and Creates a monopole but researcher can't tell where the magnetic field connects those monopole and this device makes a monopole into existence with no detectable connection to that pole on the other sides they hide a magnetic field's distortion from the outside by using metamaterials. through a magnetic wormhole we couldn't send physical matter but we could send magnetic wave from one point to another point. Like this, Scientists was also created a "Dumb-Hole", which theory was proposed by "William Unruh In 1981". A Dumb hole doesn't allow sound to escape. It's also called a Sonic Black Hole or Acoustic Black Hole.  

In 2006 

Mohd. Mansouryar

Iranian Physicist "Mohd. Mansouryar" was claimed to that he creates a nano sized wormhole and his theoretical wormhole would exist on Planck scale and he believe, He could build a ring of several of them with the space in between collapsing and forming a larger wormhole. But for the creation of this we required The "Exotic Matter" which have the negative mass. Because positive mass is attractive because of gravity but negative mass would be repulsive, and it's make a kind of anti-gravity . Because experts thinks that The Exotic Matter must deploy extreme pressure to neutralize the gravitational force and push space-time open, in another words this kind of matter use to stabilize the wormhole.

THE WHITE HOLE:-

A White Hole

this is just opposites of black holes they force out light and matter and prevent it from entering whereas black holes devour light and matter and prevent it from escaping. some expert even say that the Big Bang itself was a "White Hole". In this sense we could be living in a black hole. We think that white holes and black holes might be entrance of a Wormhole. when something fall in a black hole , scientists call it "information". According to the Low Of "Conservation of Mass" it can't be created and destroyed, it can only change into the other form. So in the black hole, all physical states convert into the same state , this is called "The Black Hole Information Paradox", which is the resulting from the combination of Quantum Mechanic and General Relativity. And this information would be locked in to the Singularity of the Black hole for the infinite time. So the black hole can turns into the "White hole". And this newly born White Hole spews out all the Information. But this topic is controversial because according to the Hawking Radiation Theory, which I have already mentioned. So there is still debating in the physics community about this. In 2006 an extraordinary long lasting Gama Rey burst was observed which was 102 second long. But there was no Any other known cosmic event. The scientist who observed this event said "This is brand new Territory and we have no theories to guide us". but after that in 2011 scientists had said that this Gama burst was come from a White hole which was popping out into existence for 102 seconds and then disappeared .